The Khoikhoi and the San
The Khoikhoi and the San are two groups of people who we can first place archaeologically in South Africa about 25,000 BC. Like everyone else in the world at that time, they were hunters and gatherers. At that time they were already creating the rock paintings and rock carvings that they continued to paint right up to modern times. We have datable evidence of other rock paintings from about 11,000 BC, and then there are a lot of paintings and carvings from between 7800 and 5600 BC. There's another datable painting from about 800 BC. The Khoikhoi and the San spoke a language called !Kung.
Sometime before 400 AD, both the Bantu and other people living to the north, in central Africa, began to push the Khoikhoi and the San out of their usual land. Some of these invaders were farmers, and some were sheep and cattle herders, and because they farmed and herded there were more of them than there were Khoikhoi or San. And in addition the invaders had iron spears and iron arrowheads. Both the Khoikhoi and the San were pushed into deserts and less desirable land, that was no good for farming.There are a lot more paintings which can be dated to around the time of the invasions, between 200 BC and 500 AD.
In response, some of the Khoikhoi in Zimbabwe and the Cape began to herd sheep. Archaeologists find the bones of the sheep starting about this time, and also the Khoikhoi began to show sheep in their paintings. Before then, there were no sheep in South Africa. So the sheep probably came down from North Africa with the invaders.
The Khoikhoi seem to have begun to herd cattle (cows and bulls) around the same time, and there seem to have been big herds of cattle in many parts of South Africa by about 1000 AD. For some reason they did not paint pictures of the cattle.
The San, on the other hand, who lived in south-east Africa, did not herd either sheep or cattle, but kept on hunting and gathering in the Kalahari Desert, in modern Botswana.
To find out more about the Khoikhoi and the San, check out this book on Amazon.com or at your library:
The Bushmen of the Kalahari by H.P. Steyn (1989)
