West Asia Stone Age
By around 10,000 BC, people in West Asia were beginning to settle down in one place instead of travelling around, even though they were still hunting and gathering. Probably this was because the end of the Ice Age was making West Asia so warm and wet and fertile that people didn't need to travel around in order to get enough food anymore. They could just find enough food right where they were. Some of these people, called the Natufians (nah-TOOF-ee-uns), farmed a little, but in a simple way. They had tame dogs. They traded with other villages for obsidian, jewels, and salt. This might be the time that the Bible remembers as the Garden of Eden.
But then the climate got a little colder and drier again, around 8000 BC, and there wasn't enough food anymore. Some people went back to travelling around to get food. Other people began to put more work into farming, to raise enough food. These people didn't get as good food as the hunter-gatherers, but they could feed more people.
People began to build larger towns about this time. The oldest village that we know of, where archaeologists have dug up the houses people lived in, is at Jericho along the Jordan river in modern Palestine. It dates to about 9000 BC. By 8000 BC, about 2000 people lived there, in small round houses made of mud-brick, and they made clay masks, painted white, to remember people when they died. They began to use number tokens. They built a wall around their village to keep out animals and other people; their wall was twelve feet (3.6 meters) high and almost ten feet (3 meters) thick!
Another old village is at Catal Huyuk (pronounced
cha-tal-hoo-YUK), in Turkey. People built Catal Huyuk around 8000
BC. It was
much bigger than Jericho. Probably by around 6000 BC, 6000 people
lived there. These people knew how to spin
and weave
cloth and make pottery.
They built mud-brick
houses that you got into by climbing wooden ladders into the windows
or into a trapdoor in the roof. The people of Catal Huyuk also built
a big mud-brick temple for their gods,
which they decorated with the heads of bulls and also with images
of a young goddess, a mother goddess, and an old goddess, representing
the three stages of life.
At Jarmo in Iraq, further east, there was a village starting about
7000 BC.
It had a stone wall and a stone watchtower, forty feet (12 meters)
high! This is another sign that the area was becoming more crowded.
People were beginning to fight
each other over land, and so people had to defend the land they
had with walls and watchtowers and stone-tipped spears.
Now that they couldn't travel to hunt anymore, people also began to tame animals so they would always have them around their houses. By the time of these villages, people domesticated (tamed) donkeys and sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, and chickens. Dogs and cats probably more or less domesticated themselves.
For more on the Stone Age in West Asia, check out these books from Amazon.com or from your library:
Ancient Agriculture: From Foraging to Farming, by Michael and Mary Woods (2000). For middle schoolers, with plenty of information about how farming got started, and how it worked.
Mesopotamia Before History, by Petr Charvat (revised edition 2002).
Neanderthals, Bandits and Farmers: How Agriculture Really Began, by Colin Tudge (1999). An attempt to explain why people gave up gathering and began farming. Short, and not too hard to read.
Last Hunters-First Farmers: New Perspectives on the Prehistoric Transition to Agriculture, by T. Douglas Price (1995). A more academic book on the same problem.
Jericho: Dreams, Ruins, Phantoms, by Robert Ruby (1995). A reporter's lively and readable account of the history of Jericho.
Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture, by William H. Stiebing (2002). Expensive, and hard to read, but it's a good up to date account. A college textbook.
